История изменений
Исправление cdshines, (текущая версия) :
Исходная версия cdshines, :
1. The Objectivist Ethics, by Ayn Rand
«Ethics, as a science, deals with discovering and defining such a code [of values to guide man's choices].» (13) First: why we need ethics at all. No one has ever explained why ethics matter, why certain things are good, besides that good people do them--and that's dangerous, because we don't know who's a good role model. We must first ask if ethics are a cultural, irrational, human invention, or a metaphysical, unalterable reality. «Whatever else they may disagree about, today's moralists agree that ethics is a subjective issue and that the three things barred from its field are: reason--mind--reality. If you wonder why the world is now collapsing to a lower and ever lower rung of hell, this is the reason. If you want to save civilization, it is this premise of modern ethics--and of all ethical history--that you must challenge.» (15) «'Value' is that which one acts to gain and/or keep.» (15) "[Value] presupposes an answer to the question: of value to whom and for what?" (15) Life makes the concept of value possible. Only a living, changing organism can have values: the preservation of life. Value is determined by the kind of entity it is. «The fact that a living entity is, determines what it ought to do. So much for the issue of the relation between „is“ and „ought“.» (17) By our nature, we experience pleasure or pain. We have no choice about this condition and no choice in what makes us feel pleasure or pain. Because we are not automatically self-sustaining like plants, we need consciousness to survive. Our consciousness tells us what's good for us where our senses don't automatically tell us. Man has abstract concepts which can be organized through reason, widened, and thus obtain unlimited knowledge. Reason is exercised by choice. You must focus. When you are unfocused, you have sense perceptions, but you are only subhumanly conscious. Man «has to discover the rules of thought, the laws of logic.» (21-2) The penalty of unconsciousness is destruction. «Ethics is not a mystic fantasy--nor a social convention--nor a dispensable, subjective luxury, to be switched or discarded in any emergency. Ethics is an objective, metaphysical necessity of man's survival-- not by the grace of the supernatural nor of your neighbors nor of your whims, but by the grace of reality and the nature of life.» (23) The Objectivist values are: Reason, Purpose, Self-Esteem. The Objectivist virtues are: Rationality, Productiveness, Pride. There may be a difference between «selfish» pursuit of one's own whims and «selfless» pursuit of other's whims, but in any case, both are undesirable because they're both whims! «The moral cannibalism of all hedonist and altruist doctrines lies in the premise that the happiness of one man necessitates the injury of another. Today, most people hold this premise as an absolute not to be questioned. And when one speaks of man's right to exist for his own sake, for his own rational self-interest, most people assume automatically that this means his right to sacrifice others. Such an assumption is a confession of their own belief that to injure, enslave, rob or murder others is in man's self-interest--which he must selflessly renounce. The idea that man's self-interest can be served only by a non-sacrificial relationship with others has never occurred to those humanitarian apostles of unselfishness, who proclaim their desire to achieve the brotherhood of men. And it will not occur to them, or to anyone, so long as the concept „rational“ is omitted from the context of „values,“ „desires,“ „self-interest“ and ethics.» (30-31) «The principle of trade is justice.» (31) People should earn what they get, not take it undeserved, and not give anything to anyone else who is undeserving. «To love is to value. ... The man who does not value himself cannot value anythign or anyone.» (32)
tl;dr: ТС не первый такой умный.